Essay on Teaching Cultural Diversity in the Classroom

It might be surprising too many, but reading the class textbooks, and talking about cultural diversity is not enough. Hence, we ought to challenge ourselves to create methods for when we become teachers in order to be able to help our future students be more aware of cultural diversity inside the classrooms. Carrying further, as a future teacher by taking this class is helping me become more aware of students cultures other than my own. In my interview with Ashley she explained how she is a white middle class girl who always lived in the nicer part of town. On the first week she attended high school she made the decision to spend her lunchtime with the vast majority of white people in the school. Hence, for the reason that she saw that†¦show more content†¦It has armed me with sensitivity to other cultures and their beliefs. In fact, this experience even inspired her to take Spanish classes. After having this interview with Ashley, I felt like I could instantly relate to the se cultural characteristics, as I was dual language learner. Spanish was the main language we spoke at my house but I was expected to learn another language other than my own from my home and essentially I had a lot of trouble learning English. Although she did not realize it until her freshman year of high school I was able to notice how I had to go to another separate room to learn more about the English language. However, it truly impacted her when she noticed that in high school there were different types of classes for Spanish depending on the level one was in. Ofcourse I took Spanish AP literature while she took Spanish 1. Although I did take Spanish AP not all latinos may know Spanish really well. Take my brother for example who does not know how to speak or write in Spanish, had to take Spanish 1. With all this being said the schools separated students depending on the levels they were in but we both agreed that maybe they should have a mixture of students in the class wher e one may help the other who does not know so much about that language. Based on this self other ethnography assignment it helped serve me as an eye opener to helping me to realize that having inspiring teachers who can improveShow MoreRelatedCulture Is Central For Learning1500 Words   |  6 Pagespolitically by using cultural referents to impart knowledge, skills and attitudes.† Improving the school achievement of students of color who currently are not doing well in school requires comprehensive knowledge, opinions, and high-level pedagogical skills. As Geneva Gay says, â€Å"Culturally Responsive Teaching is about teaching, and the teaching of concern is that which centers the classroom instructions in multiethnic cultural frames of reference.† Culturally Responsive Teaching A Review of theRead MoreEssay on Diversity and Multicultural Education in the Classroom1561 Words   |  7 Pagesin which we learn. Educators must take special measures in the delivery of classroom instruction to celebrate the learning and cultural differences of each of their students. As communities and schools continue to grow in diversity, teachers are searching for effective educational programs to accommodate the various learning styles of each student while promoting acceptance of cultural differences throughout the classroom. It no longer suffices to plan educational experiences only for middle-or upperRead MoreDiversity in the Classroom Essay888 Words   |  4 PagesDiversity in classrooms can open student’s minds to all the world has to offer. At times diversity and understanding of culture, deviant experiences and perspectives can be difficult to fulfill, but with appropriate strategies and resources, it can lead students gaining a high level of respect for those unlike them, preferably than a judgmental and prejudiced view. Diversity has broad ranges of spectrums. Students from all across the continent; students from political refugees, indigenous AmericansRead MoreMulticultural Education Is A Method For Instruction That Values Diversity Within The Classroom1227 Words   |  5 PagesIn the United States diversity will become progressively more reflected in our schools. In our school, students are becoming increasingly diverse, by assisting pupils to attaining knowledge, attitudes they need in order to become active citizens within our society. Teaching a group of diverse students from different backgrounds, ethnic, and other cultural groups in a school environment that supports diversity within a classroom setting incorporate teaching. More importantly, it is important thatRead MoreThe Structure Of The American Family Structures933 Words   |  4 Pagesthe family structure while teaching diversity The Many Kinds of Families in Our Communities by Julie Edwards describes the many different types of fam ily structures and a brief description of each one. The next article in my research by Lin, Lake Rice comes from the Teacher Education Quarterly titled Building Relationships Between Teachers and Diverse Families. This article is very helpful as it brings teachers, students and parents together to discuss teaching diversity and understanding diverseRead MoreProfessional Training And Support For Teachers778 Words   |  4 Pagestheir teaching practice to be effective. Teachers who lack training and support are not able to address the academic achievement gap among culturally diverse students (Griner Stewart, 2012, p. 589). Professional training and support is required for pre-service, beginning, and experienced teachers. Teacher education programs need to better prepare pre-service teachers to enter the diverse classrooms they will encounter; therefore, educating future teachers on culturally relevant teaching is necessaryRead MoreThis Paper Will Be Discussing A Recent Fifteen Hour Field1197 Words   |  5 Pagesparticipated in which I observed a classroom which included many students of diverse ethnic and cultural groups. I will discuss any prejudices/discriminations I observed in the classroom based on ethnic and cultural diversity. I will also describe how this experience has made me determined to try to create a positive learning environment for students of diversity in the classroom. Keywords: Experience, culture, ethnicity, diversity Ethnic and Cultural Diversity Field Experience Report My fieldRead MoreCulture Has On The Process Of Learning And Teaching1382 Words   |  6 Pagesculture has on the process of learning and teaching. Santoro refers to Morgan and Slade who explore cultural learning tendencies and different views of knowledge, learning and teaching. For Indigenous people, it is suggested that they consider effective learning as being ‘contextual, interdependent, subjective and motivated by community commitment and obligation’ compared to non-Aboriginals where learning tends to be ‘fragmented and theoretical’ (Santoro, 2007). This highlights the need for teachersRead MoreStudents Are Not Entering The Classroom With The Knowledge And Understanding Of Multicultural Education762 Words   |  4 PagesProblem Statement Teachers are not entering the classroom with the knowledge and understanding of the importance of multicultural literature. The students are suffering due to the lack of diverse reading literature incorporated into units of reading study. There is a need for staff developments and in-services to help educate teachers on ways to provide multicultural literacy awareness in primary schools. Objectives †¢ To heightening the awareness of the importance of multiculturalRead MoreThe Classroom Environment Should Look And Feel Welcoming For All Children949 Words   |  4 Pages Diversity is what makes each person in a classroom different from each other, even though you could be the same color of the person sitting next you, does not mean you are the same. The classroom environment should look and feel welcoming for all children. So it can show the diversity of the world in which we live in. Children should be provided with essential information about who they are and what is important, making an effort for this to happen creates a setting that is rich in possibilities

The Reality Of Television Shows - 1370 Words

Each week hundreds of thousands of people tune in to watch their favorite television shows. A 2015 study found that the majority of the viewers are women and some of the most popular television shows are based on crime drama (Parrott 70). It does not matter if the shows are complete fiction or narratives and reenactments of a real crime that has taken place the gore, violence, and pure disgust keeps these viewers coming back week after week. These crime based television shows portray women in traditional gender roles, normally a homemaker with no job in the workforce. They also tend to present women as shallow stereotypes, having them be dressed scantily-clad and unable to be successful at both work and home. Mass media has a huge pull in how women view themselves or how they believe they should view themselves. The way women are portrayed in fiction based and true crime television shows hurts their ability to succeed in the real world. In fictional crime television shows such as Bon es, Blue Bloods, Castle, CSI, Criminal Minds, and NCSI all show women negatively stereotyped and reflecting conventional gender roles. Popular television shows such as these often get spin-offs. In a 2009 study of the multiple CSI spin off shows, it was found that these series tend follow a formula which reflects the classic structure of a nuclear family. A nuclear family is a group or family that consists of a strong male father, a submissive female mother, and their dependent children. ItShow MoreRelatedThe Reality Of Television Shows962 Words   |  4 Pageswe see on television and magazines eventually becomes our standard of reality and desire. George Gerbner made that statement. He was a professor of communication, the founder of cultivation theory and a media critic. I agree with him, what the media shows us is what becomes norm in our lives, because the media can shape how we view certain things and how we feel about ourselves, changing our reality at a whim or over time. Television shows are very influential, especially reality TV shows, more specificallyRead MoreTelevision And Reality Television Shows Essay1776 Words   |  8 Pagesviewers’ lives. People do not just watch a television show, they tend to normalize the characters and their roles into their day to day lives. When analyzing the media and focusing on drama and reality television shows, the impact that these shows have on some of their women viewers are noticeable. Television drama shows are fictions that the average person can relate to. They are made with real life problems that people can sympathize with. Television dramas have become the newest therapy to peopleRead MoreThe Reality Of Television Shows1276 Words   |  6 Pages This Is What The Reality Of TV Is. The popularity of reality TV shows lately do not amaze me, in the society today, people admire excessive pride than high moral standards. A lot of shows which need to be cancelled portray and teach a lot of bad behaviors. Although these reality TV shows may make us laugh or even amaze us with its characters, who are bad influences to the society especially children. These shows gives us a picture of how people are drasticallyRead MoreThe Reality Of Reality Television Shows Essay2087 Words   |  9 PagesReality TV shows are a type of program that film real/ordinary people, with a notion of entertainment than information. These programs attempt to show how an ordinary person behaves or react in their daily life or in certain situation. Shows that promise more drama, suspense, romance, laughter, etc. that one could relate to real experiences, is what audience enjoy. Reality TV shows are a genre in which real people are shadowed closely by cameras. Television shows have the power to shape one perspectiveRead MoreThe Reality Of Television Shows1374 Words   |  6 Pagesfavorite television shows. These people sit down with snacks in hand, waiting for new drama to unfold. A 2015 study found that the majority of the viewers are women and some of the most popular television shows are based on crime drama (Parrott 70). It does not matter if the shows are complete fiction or narratives and reenactments of a real crime that has taken place. The gore, violence, and pure disgust keeps these viewers coming back week after week. These crime-based television shows portray womenRead MoreThe Reality Of The Television Show Friends1385 Words   |  6 Pages Friends is a popular American television show that aired on NBC. The show first aired on September 22nd 1995 and the last episode aired on May 6th 2004. The show lasted ten years, which covered two decades, and covered a lot of what is considered to be America’s culture today. The producers of the show wanted to represent what people’s lives of that age and time were like on a daily basis; the purposelessness, the non-stop coffee drinking, the quest for spouses, and the feeling that they were â€Å"stuckRead MoreEssay on Reality Television Shows1317 Words   |  6 Pagesrecently related to those figures, involved in Reality TV. There is no exact definition of Reality Television and people also have different opinions of what it is. But it tends be a combination of genres such as: documentary, drama and many other genre’s depending on the type show. It can also be described as ‘ a hybrid of non-fiction and entertainment elements’. Charlie Parsons, creator of the television show, Survivor defines reality TV as ‘Shows containing producer created environments thatRead MoreThe Effect of Reality Television Shows2018 Words   |  9 PagesTelevision has become a significant part of our daily lives.Despite vast internet network developments, many people in the world still spend significant timewatching television. According to the article â€Å"Television viewing at all-time high† from the Los Angeles Times, â€Å"†¦the average American now watches more than 151 hours of TV a month. That is about five hours a day†. (www.latimes.com). People still get important information from their TVs and are also entertained from this same source. TelevisionshowsnowadaysRead MoreThe Concept Of Reality Television In The Truman Show And The Truman Show742 Words   |  3 PagesThe concept of reality TV was amplified with the film The Truman Show in 1998. On television, it is largely debated which show was the first â€Å"reality TV show† since some may class them anywhere from ga me shows to documentaries, such as â€Å"Survivor† or â€Å"COPS†. Reality TV centers around characters who engage in current day life and situations, often true situations which are unscripted and spontaneous, captivating audiences by putting them in the shoes of cast members to see if they judge situationsRead MoreThe Reality Of Television Shows Influences The Politics And The Culture Essay1446 Words   |  6 PagesReality television shows are the usual genre of programs in the 21st century. These programs show the reality of what happens in real life. They are not like movies or series that are being acted or are done based on actual stories. The characters shown in these shows are the real people who act. Keeping up with Kardashians, Love and hip-hop, and the Police women of Cincinnati are some of the recent reality TV shows that are aired on American TV channels. Keeping up with the Kardashians is about

Antibiotic Resistance for Gowns and Plastic Aprons - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theAntibiotic Resistance for Gowns and Plastic Aprons. Answer: What I would suggest for minimising antibiotic resistance The suggestion is personal hygiene of healthcare workers to prevent nosocomial infections and reduce prescription of antibiotics. In this case, personal hygiene would include cleaning and disinfection of gowns, plastic aprons and uniforms. It would also include cleaning hands before and after attending to a patient. Transmission of health-associated pathogens tends to happen through hands because the healthcare providers hands may be contaminated through direct contact with a patient or indirectly from touching colonised surfaces. According to World Health Organization, a significant number of patients are affected by healthcare-associated infections, most of which are caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens (WHO, 2014). Hence, healthcare professionals play a major role in transmitting MDR pathogens, which are thought to originate from the endogenous flora of patients (Caron Mousa, 2010). This suggestion does not ignore that gloves are used to prevent cross-contamination in hospitals. The gloves cannot be used as a substitute for hand hygiene since there is a risk of contamination when removing the gloves. This suggestion would help to minimise the use of antibiotics and address the issue other resistance in the long run. Why Cabapenemase Producing Organisms (CPOs) are difficult to treat CPOs are difficult to treat since they are resistant to most antimicrobial therapies. Due to their multidrug-resistant nature, gram-negative pathogens are often treated with carbapenem antibiotics. However, CPOs are becoming difficult to treat because they produce carbapenemases, an enzyme that hydrolyses carbapenems (Sekirov et al., 2016). CPOs also tend to be resistant to multi-therapies. Bibliography Caron, W. Mousa, S., 2010. Prevention strategies for antimicrobial resistance: a systematic review of the literature. Infection and drug resistance, 3(1), pp.25-33. Sekirov, I. et al., 2016. Epidemiologic and Genotypic Review of Carbapenemase-Producing Organisms in British Columbia between 2008 and 2014. Journal of clinical microbiology, 54(2), pp.31727. WHO, 2014. Good hand hygiene by health workers protects patients from drug resistant infections. [Online] Available at: https://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2014/hand-hygiene/en/ [Accessed 10 October 2017].

The Mediating Effect of Cognitive and Emotional Satisfaction on Customer Loyalty Essay Example

The Mediating Effect of Cognitive and Emotional Satisfaction on Customer Loyalty Essay International Journal of Management Innovation Systems ISSN 1943-1384 2009, Vol. 1, No. 2: E5 The Mediating Effect of Cognitive and Emotional Satisfaction on Customer Loyalty Maznah Wan Omar Universiti Teknologi MARA Kedah Peti Surat 187, 08400 Merbok, Kedah, Malaysia [emailprotected] uitm. edu. my ABSTRACT Loyal customers are among the greatest revenue producer and are more likely to occur in a form of word-of-mouth. In the compound and vibrant Malaysian home computer retail market today, customer loyalty through word-of-mouth marketing tends to occur very slowly and is limited geographically but is a very potent method of marketing. The influence of cognitive and emotional satisfaction on the relationship between salesperson presentation skills and customer’s loyalty through intention to promote by word-of-mouth is vital. This will then lead to increased benefits for the organization in the form of customer loyalty. The cognitive evaluation of customer satisfaction was found to explain customer loyalty in a retail setting more than the emotional reaction. This finding holds importance to those retailers who have been able to generate high expectations in the eyes of their customers. Keywords: Adaptive selling skills, sales presentation skills, Customer satisfaction, Customer loyalty INTRODUCTION As competition deepens, products and services become more indistinguishable, and markets become established, it is becoming increasingly tougher for companies in retailing industries to distinguish themselves from other stores. Simply offering customers with technical solutions to problems does not be sufficient anymore to be competitive and obtain and retain market share. Various value-added services, which commence before the actual operation begins, had gone far beyond it, so as to stay competitive and develop customer loyalty. Research and business customs have shown that upholding customers through value-added services costs less than obtaining new ones (Wetzels et al. , 1998). A prevailing belief holds that an essential key to performance rests with the ability to sustain 1 www. macrothink. org/ijmis International Journal of Management Innovation Systems ISSN 1943-1384 2009, Vol. 1, No. 2: E5 ustomer relationships (Anderson et al. , 1994). Correspondingly, as relational value continues beyond price, customer bond are particularly effective when involved in long-term relationships (Wood, 1995). LITERATURE REVIEW Salesperson Behavior Performance In recent years, a number of authors have been confronted with this issue of the changing role of the sales force. Up-and-coming trends of the extent and scope recorded above require a re-evaluation of the activities that salespeople must execute in order to successfully build and manage customer loyalty. We will write a custom essay sample on The Mediating Effect of Cognitive and Emotional Satisfaction on Customer Loyalty specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Mediating Effect of Cognitive and Emotional Satisfaction on Customer Loyalty specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Mediating Effect of Cognitive and Emotional Satisfaction on Customer Loyalty specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Marshall et al. , (1999), interviewed a diversity of professional salespeople to give evidence for 49 new sales activities that were not pointed out in Moncrief’s (1986) original list. These latest activities fall into the following main categories: communication technology, selling technology, activities related to adaptive and consultative selling, and team-oriented activities. Many of the specific activities within these categories involve skills and content knowledge dissimilar from those traditionally observed in the past as key salesperson success factors. This study therefore will consider how cognitive and emotional satisfaction mediates the relationship between salesperson presentation skills and customer’s intention to word-of-mouth. These situational factors have not been considered in prior research and provide new avenues for examining salesperson presentation skills in Malaysian market and its consequences. Additionally, as most studies have considered salespeople as their unit of analysis, this study will add to the small but imminent body of research that investigates performance and effectiveness relationships at the customer’s level. Formation of loyalty through satisfaction It is by and large believed that satisfaction leads to repeat purchase and positive word-of-mouth recommendation, which are the main indicators of loyalty. Marketing literature has paid much attention to the relationship between customer satisfaction and loyalty (Chi, 2005). A number of studies have confirmed a significant positive relationship between customer satisfaction and loyalty/retention (Chi, 2005). If consumers are satisfied with the product or service, they are more likely to carry on purchasing, and are more willing to spread positive WOM. Salesperson presentation skills Churchill et al. , (1997, p. 367) define selling skill as a salesperson’s â€Å"learned proficiencies at performing job activities,† and describe Salesperson presentation skills as the skills that are associated to successfully conducting the personal selling process (i. e. the series of interconnected steps that salespeople generally use to link with the influence customer). 2 www. macrothink. org/ijmis International Journal of Management Innovation Systems ISSN 1943-1384 2009, Vol. , No. 2: E5 Recognizing the importance of salesperson presentation skills, Marshall et al. (2003) gathered and ranked sales manager perceptions of â€Å"success factors† that contribute to salesperson job performance. They report that managers feel that six specific salesperson presentation skills: listening, adaptive selling, handling objections, closing, negotiating, and prospecting (in descending order of perceived importance) are highly important t o salesperson performance (Johlke, 2006). Accordingly, this group of salesperson presentation skills will be used at the heart of the hypothesized model. Customer satisfaction The importance of customer satisfaction to the success of consumer goods manufacturers (Burns Neisner, 2006) and to the success of retailers (Darian et al. , 2001) has been well documented. Customer satisfaction is regarded as a primary determining factor of repeat shopping and purchasing behavior. The greater the degree to which a consumer experiences satisfaction with a retailer, for instance, the greater the probability the consumer will revisit the retailer (Burns Neisner, 2006, p. 49; Wong Sohal, 2003). In summary, we note the distinction between transaction-specific and overall satisfaction, and for this study, we adopt the broader definition of satisfaction whereby the overall measure is an aggregation of all previous transaction-specific satisfaction, and involves both cognitive and affective components. Recently, the overall measure has been shown to be a better predictor of repurchase intentions (Jones Suh, 2000). Research Framework and Hypotheses Based on the review of literatures concerning the study variables on salesperson presentation skills, customer satisfaction, and customer’s intention to word-of-mouth, the theoretical framework for this study was developed based on Oliver’s (1997, p. 392) Cognitive-Affective-Conative Behavior pattern model. This research model has been adapted and used in this study. Relationship between Salesperson presentation skill and Intention to WOM Although a customer’s personality and the employee’s customer orientation were considered an important antecedent to relationship strength, salesperson presentation skill rather than his/her personality would perform a greater part in determining relationship strength (Foster Cadogen, 2000). Salespersons are social actors who learn behaviors that are appropriate to the positions they take up (Bove Johnson, 2000). In other words, salesperson can be motivated to adapt their behavior to situational requirements in spite of personal preferences (Bove Johnson, 2000). To date, there is a lack of studies investigating the numerous aspects of service that are imperative to customer retention (Zeithaml, 2000)? Furthermore, the different outcomes (i. e. 3 www. macrothink. org/ijmis International Journal of Management Innovation Systems ISSN 1943-1384 2009, Vol. 1, No. 2: E5 attitudinal and behavioral) of relationship strength are left predominantly unexplored in the relationship marketing literature. In addition, there is a lack of studies that explore the impact of factors such as salesperson presentation skill on customer’s intention to WOM. Conclusively, there is little empirical work investigating customer relationship economies, which is the link between attitudinal measures (i. e. salesperson presentation skill, customer satisfaction) and behavioral measures (i. e. customer loyalty, intention to repurchase, intention to WOM, and long-term customer relationship profitability), Wong and Sohal, (2006). Therefore, in line with the above reasoning’s and findings, it is conjectured that: H1: There is a direct positive relationship between salesperson’s presentation skills and intention to word-of-mouth (WOM). Relationship between Customer satisfaction and customer’s intention to WOM Customer satisfaction is important to marketers because it is usually assumed to be a significant determinant of recurring sales, positive word-of-mouth, intention to repurchase, and customer loyalty. It is worthy to consumers because it reflects a positive outcome following the outlay of limited resources and/or the positive accomplishment of prior needs. As a consequence, maximizing satisfaction is seen as a significant objective, collectively for both the firm and the consumer (Mouri, 2005). Likewise, theory suggests that satisfaction feeds back into the system to influence ensuing intentions and behaviors (Wallace et al. , 2004). Customer’s satisfaction with the shopping experience should reflect well on the retailer. An increase in satisfaction has been shown to result in increased customer loyalty (Donio et al. , 2006). From the above arguments it is hypothesized that: H2: There is a direct positive relationship between customer satisfaction and intention to word-of-mouth. H2a: There is a direct positive relationship between cognitive satisfaction and intention to word-of-mouth. H2b: There is a direct positive relationship between emotional satisfaction and intention to word-of-mouth. The mediating effect of Customer Satisfaction on Salesperson presentation skill and Customer’s intention to WOM relationship. Overall satisfaction with an experience does lead to customer loyalty (Caruana, 2002). Bearden and Teel (1983) argue that customer satisfaction is imperative to the marketer because â€Å"it is generally assumed to be significant determinant of repeat sales, positive word of mouth, intention to repurchase, and consumer loyalty†. Similarly, Bloemer and Poiesz (1989) have also argued that â€Å"satisfaction can be thought of as an important determinant of customer loyalty†, while Selnes (1993) argues that it is satisfaction with a brand or service that leads to 4 www. macrothink. org/ijmis International Journal of Management Innovation Systems ISSN 1943-1384 2009, Vol. 1, No. 2: E5 customer loyalty. This view is also supported by Dick and Basu (1994). LaBarbera and Mazursky (1983) show empirically that brand and service loyal customers had a lower probability to substitute brands or service due to higher levels of satisfaction. On the basis of the above findings, customer satisfaction is indicated as having a function and acting as a mediator in the link between salesperson presentation skills and customer loyalty (Lim, 2004). Therefore, in line with the above reasoning’s and findings, the following were hypothesized: H3: Customer satisfaction mediates the relationship presentation skills and intention to word-of-mouth. H3a: between salesperson Cognitive satisfaction mediates the relationship between salesperson presentation skills and intention to word-of-mouth. H3b: Emotional satisfaction mediates the relationship between salesperson presentation skills and intention to word-of-mouth. METHODOLOGY Sampling Design To have a representative finding, the sampling technique used must be objective. This is an important effort adopted by most researchers in order to furnish a finding pertinent to the general. To choose the sample for this study, probability random sampling was used. A probability sample is necessary if the sample is to be representative of the population (Reeves, 1992). Therefore, a two-stage systematic sampling technique is employed in this study. Population and sample size In determining the sample size for this study, sample size selected was based on the criteria set according to Sawyer and Ball (1981). According to Sawyer and Ball (1981), it is estimated that a proportion of 13% of the explained variance to effect size values is a medium effect size for regression analysis. One common measure of effect size is eta squared. Eta squared represents the proportion of variance of the dependent variable that is explained by the independent variable (Pallant, 2005). According to Cohen (1988), the strength of the effect size are interpreted as follows; 0. 01 = small effect size, 0. 06 = moderate effect size, and 0. 14 = large effect size. Thus five independent variables were used and using the statistical significance of 0. 05 (95% confidence level) and an effect size values of . 13 is found to be truly sufficient and not by chance. Goodness of Measure In determining the goodness of data for the study, factor analysis and reliability analysis were performed. Factor analysis was used to assess the convergent validity of the items used in the 5 www. macrothink. org/ijmis International Journal of Management Innovation Systems ISSN 1943-1384 2009, Vol. 1, No. 2: E5 questionnaire while Cronbach’s alpha was performed to examine the internal consistency of the factors obtained. The result of the reliability test are presented in Table 1 Table 1. Reliability Coefficients for the Variables in the Study Construct/Variables Number of Items 3 Cronbach’s Alpha . 75 Mean Std. Dev Sales Presentation skill/Knowledge 3. 78 0. 72 Customer satisfaction Emotional Satisfaction 4 . 84 4. 10 0. 64 Cognitive Satisfaction 4 . 76 3. 85 0. 58 Customer loyalty Word-of-mouth (WOM) 2 . 69 3. 93 0. 59 Note: All items used a 5-point Likert scale (1 = strongly disagree and 5 = strongly agree) The result of the reliability analysis sum up in Table 1 confirmed that all the scales shown, reveal a high internal consistency and reliability with Cronbach’s alpha values higher than the minimum perimeter, (Cronbach’s alpha gt; 0. 60). Research Findings and Discussion Hypotheses Testing Multiple regression tests were conducted in order to test the relationship between the predictor variable and the criterion variable. Respondents’ demographic variables such as salesperson are younger or older than the customers, gender, and ethnicity were statistically controlled (Connel et al. , 2003; Hemdi, 2006). Hence, these variables were entered into the regression equation in the first step. The predictor variables were entered in the second step. The following Table’s below summarizes the result of the analyses. Regression Analysis with Control Variables The relationship word-of-mouth between salesperson presentation skills and intention to Table 2. Results of hierarchical regression analysis of salesperson presentation skills on intention to word-of-mouth Predictors Step 1: Control Variables Younger or older Gender Ethnicity 6 Model 1 Std. ? -. 05 -. 01 . 09 Model 2 Std. ? . 01 -. 01 -. 02 www. macrothink. org/ijmis International Journal of Management Innovation Systems ISSN 1943-1384 2009, Vol. 1, No. 2: E5 Step 2: Sales presentation skills R? Adj. R? R? Change F-Change Note. Significant levels: *p

Architect William Holabird and the First Skyscrapers

Architect William Holabird and the First Skyscrapers Architect William Holabird (born September 11, 1854 in Amenia Union, New York), along with his partner Martin Roche (1853-1927), forged Americas early skyscrapers and launched an architectural style known as the Chicago School. The architectural firms of Holabird and Roche, Burnham and Root, and Adler and Sullivan were some of the most influential teams in American architectural history and modern design. William Holabird began his education at the West Point Military Academy, but after two years he moved to Chicago and worked as a draftsman for William Le Baron Jenney, who is often called Father of the Skyscraper. Holabird founded his own practice in 1880, and formed a partnership with Martin Roche in 1881. The Chicago School style featured many innovations. The Chicago window created the effect that the buildings were composed of glass. Each large pane of glass was flanked by narrow windows that could be opened. Many of the first skyscrapers were built in Chicago, Illinois after the Great Fire of 1871. In Chicago, Holabird and Roche designed the Tacoma Building (1888), the Pontiac Building (1891), the Old Colony Building (1893), the Marquette Building (1895), the LaSalle Hotel (1909), the Brooks Building (1910), the Palmer House (1923), and the Stevens Hotel (1927). Between 1889 and 1908 Holabird and Roche built a number of buildings at Fort Sheridan, Illinois - 66 buildings have been designated a National Historic Landmark District. In addition to their Chicago skyscrapers, Holabird and Roche became leading designers of large hotels in the midwest. The Plankinton Building in Milwaukee Wisconsin started off as a two-story building in 1916 and five more floors were added in 1924. The Plankinton, like other new tall buildings being built at the time, was steel frame with a facade of terra cotta.   After William Holabirds death on July 19, 1923, the firm was reorganized by his son. The new firm, Holabird Root, was highly influential in the 1920s. The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation is proud to own and occupy the Marquette Building in Chicago. As a supporter of creativity, the Foundation is the perfect owner of a building steeped in history. Early skyscrapers from the Chicago School era are now over a century old, if they havent already been torn down. Holabird and Roche designed the original 1924 neoclassical style Soldier Field in Chicago, a national landmark stripped of its designation after a gut-wrenching 21st century renovation. Restoration and historic preservation are the price of caring for history.

holla essays

holla essays The discovery of the Internet has created unlimited effects on the way that we live. The Internet is changing society by leaps and bounds, with no chance of a stopping point in the near future. The Internet affects us in every way, most importantly with our social lives, our entertainment, and our jobs. Our social lives no longer consist of telephones and mail as the only sources of communication. E-mail has become a major form of our communication. People can electronically send mail to another person with an on-line mailbox, simply by typing in their message and sending it by the click of a button. It only takes a couple of minutes to send information that would have taken a week or more through ordinary mail. This does not only save time, but it saves money also. The Internet has changed our entertainment tremendously. There is no longer a need for people to purchase CDs or tapes for music. You can download music onto your computer and burn the CDs yourself. Whenever you want to watch a movie, you do not have to go to the local Blockbuster, or the local theatre, you can watch it online. The variety of games on the Internet opens communication with people all over the world, without ever leaving the comfort of your own home. The game of chess is the most basic example, you would usually need an opponent sitting across from you, but with the Internet your opponent can be across the world. The job market is one of the most important aspects that have been affected by the discovery of the Internet. Stock trading and banking is two of the major businesses on the Internet that affect our workforce. Consumers no longer need to drive to the bank to do their daily banking. The Internet is steadily replacing many jobs that would have otherwise gone to hard working people. However, it has given people the opportunity to have a career without ever leaving their homes. In conclusion, the Internet allows...

Writing assignment Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 4

Writing assignment - Article Example Although the betterment of the students undergoing through the programme can be observed, it will not be attributed to the programme alone as other factors can contribute to the exemplary performance. Students will gain advantage through the knowledge gained at high school while narrowing achievement gap will be through the creation of equity between students with different capabilities. Students’ high school experiences will be enriched through providing the students with a chance to enjoy academic programmes, enabling them to study with intensity, depth and better perspective (Challenge Success, 2013). The programme will be an indicator of quality in education thereby assessing the capacity of making schools better. The programme provides students with a myriad of opportunities while enabling them to take challenging courses in college. The impacts on the programme on the schools and students however, are difficult to substantiate. In seeking to gain maximum benefits from the programme, students should consider understanding their reasons for enrolling into the programme, by consideration of all elements involved. Educators on the other hand must consider the level of involvement which they would like from the programme, before implementing it into their institutions. This can be achieved through a discussion with the various stakeholders of the programme (Challenge Success, 2013). Challenge Success. (2013). The Advanced Placement Program: Living Up To Its Promise? Challenge Success. Retrieved March 24, 2015, from

Trends in team building activities Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Trends in team building activities - Coursework Example In her article, team building is the way to go for any business. For any manager to be considered successful in their leadership roles; they must ensure they have sound, active and well-balanced teams working harmoniously towards achieving the organization’s long-term goals. Look at all successful business institutions, you will discover that the reason behind their fortunes is the composition of thelabor force that is relating well, with each other. Nothing positive can be achieved unless there is a good collaboration among people employed in an organization. She further says that, before any management directs its efforts towards moving the organization to the next level of success, it should ensure it makes team building its first priority. The author either gives examples of the classic Hawthorne Studies of between 1927 1nd 1932, where it was discovered that a group’s results are better compared to the totals of individuals working independently or in 1993, Elton Ma yo seconded this when he found out that a group was essential because of three unique characteristics it owned. They include a feeling of social support, a sense of group identity and cohesion. These characteristics are a strong motivation towards a group or team achieving its goals. The author goes ahead to support her findings of the importance by comparing two generations. That of 1960s that gave little attention to teamwork since most reward systemswasbased on individual performances and that of 1980s, which advocated for teamwork.

Theories of Learning Essay Example for Free

Theories of Learning Essay Fill in the following boxes by defining Elemental and Holistic Models of Development. Then you will describe 2 theories, including theorist (s) from each model of development. Finally you will list the important points derived from each model learning theory. Save this document and type directly onto the document and into the boxes. The boxes will expand to accommodate what you write. Submit as an attachment to the appropriate drop box. ModelDefinition of each Model Learning TheoryTheory and Theorist 1Theory and Theorist 2Important Points Derived (Be sure to number these theories and double space between them for easy reading). Elemental Model Learning TheoryRepresents the universe as a machine composed of discrete pieces operating in a spatio-temporal field: reactive and adaptive model of man. Connectionism Edward L. Thorndike Classical Conditioning Ivan PavlovConnectionism: 1.Law of readiness – circumstances where a learner tends to be satisfied or annoyed, to welcome or reject. 2.Law of exercise – strengthening of connects with practice 3.Law of effect – strengthening or weakening of a connection as a result of its consequences. Classical Conditioning: 1.Reinforcement – conditioned reflex becomes fixed by providing the conditioned stimulus and following it repeatedly with unconditioned stimulus and response at timed intervals. 2.Extinction – Occurs when the reinforcement is discontinued and the conditioned stimulus is presented alone. 3.Generalization – conditioned reflex evoked to one stimulus and can be enticed by another stimulus dis-similar to the first. 4.Differentiation – initial generalization is overcome by method of contrasts where one stimuli is reinforced and the other is not. Holistic Model learning TheoriesRepresents the world as a unitary interactive, developing organism: active and adaptive model of man. Functionalism John Dewey Purposive Behaviorism Edward TolmanFunctionalism: 1.The functionalist is tolerant but critical 2.The functionalist prefers continuities over discontinuities or typologies. 3.The functionalist is an experimentalist. 4.The functionalist is biased toward associationism and environmentalism. Purposive Behaviorism: 1.The law of proximity – parts of a stimulus pattern that are close together or near each other tend to be perceived in groups; therefore, the proximity of the parts in time and space affects the learners organization of the field. 2.Law of similarity and familiarity – objects similar in form, shape, color or size tend to be grouped in perception; familiarity with an object facilities the establishing of a figure-ground pattern. 3.Law of closure – learners try to achieve a satisfying endstate of equilibrium; incomplete shapes, missing parts, and gaps in information are filled in by the perceiver. 4.Law of continuation – organization in perception tends to occur in such a manner that a straight line appears to continue as a straight line, a part circle as a circle, and a three-sided square as a complete square.

Psychological debate on free will versus determinism

Psychological debate on free will versus determinism The free will vs. determinism debate that exists within psychology has long been a philosophical doctrine that roots back to Descartes (1596-1650), and has had an enormous impact on psychology, all the major theorists ranging from William James (1890) to B.F. Skinner (1971), have concluded empirical theories to help provide validity as to whether behaviour is determined by stimuli or external/internal events; this positivistic, mechanistic view of scientific psychology according to Taylor (1963), states that everything including thought processes and behaviour, is casually determined (Gross, 2003; 2010). The common sense view that people make their own decisions is a debate upon free will, the fact that we have a mind to be able to agree and disagree, implies we have a freedom of choice in regards to behaviour (Gross, 2003). So what exactly is free will? (Figure 1.1) Through this information, a balanced view upon the free will vs. determinism debate in regards to implications that exist within the treatment of disorders will be researched and presented. In diagnosing and treating mental disorders, both psychologists and psychiatrists often have to make judgements in regards to free will and determinism, whether that be explicitly or implicitly, this is because mental disorders can often be seen as complete or partial breakdown of the persons control over their emotions, thinking and behaviour. This is evident in patients with (OCD) or obsessive compulsive disorder, in definition this can be described as being compelled against his or her will or a behaviour which cannot be controlled (Gross, 2003). Developments in neuroscience can provide relevance to the debate in regards to clinical practises which treat mental disorders, clinical psychiatrists accept the view that free will can be impaired in many patients with mental disorders whose capacity to choose may have been compromised, in such cases the individual may then be considered not accountable for their own actions or behaviour. An acknowledgment to determinism is then made, in the way that some of the behaviour of that person is accredited to the mental disorder, advances in neuroscience have increased the understanding of brain functioning and led to the possibility that abnormal behaviour will be less recognized to the patients control of choice in relation to action, and more to brain function abnormalities. Although before the developments the view was questioned through the mind-brain dualism of the reductionists in the 19th century (Scott Henderson, 2005). Libet (1985) performed a study in relating the brain and our free will to behaviour; he showed that the preliminary brain activity which occurs through free choice is actually a couple hundred milliseconds before the choice reaches the conscious awareness. Basically stating that the brain makes decisions before the individual and that free will is an illusion. Rose et al. (1984) was a socio-biologist who believed in biological determinism, which states it is our biology that is to blame for our behaviour and mental abnormalities, not the individual; this approach seems appealing in regards to treatment of disorders as it removes the guilt and responsibility involved, however the view that our lives are constrained by a genetic predisposition, fails to recognise that as human we are constantly re-creating our own material environment and that it is our biology that makes us free (Gross, 2010). According to an article in the: Clinical Neuroscience Research Journal (2004;p,113-118), Social turmoil regarding psychosurgery and deep brain stimulation (DBS) was evident throughout the 1960-1970s, DBS being an effective form of diagnosis and treatment for mental disorders, even in our modern day which can be used to treat disorders such as severe OCD and Parkinsonà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s disease, however the turmoil regarding the whole treatment was because it was seen as means of controlling or changing behaviour and effecting emotional disturbance against free will, it was also thought that the treatment was used to control social behaviour of violent urban areas in the USA, resulting in mind control and racial repression. However these arguments are now just a by-product of the dualism era, and having a deeper knowledge into neuroscience and mental disorders, has allowed further research into the social stability of DBS, resulting in less speculation on it being a co mpletely controlled deterministic approach to treatments of disorders (Fins, 2004). In regards to treatment of eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa, according to the; Handbook of treatment for eating disorders (1997) by David M. Garner et al. the philosophical balance is addressed in regards as to whether patients with severe eating disorders should be hospitalised, on one side of the argument patients can be free to preserve their eating disorder even if it involves suboptimal functioning, and on the other it can be argued that the disorder could be so serious that it impairs judgement and restricts the patientà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s ability to exercise free choice especially in regards to the appraisal of the medical risks, as it appears both points seem variably valid and yet no possible solution can be found to solve the present dilemma. In relation to treatment refusal and free will, patients may make poor treatment decisions because of their illness symptoms, and that they would likely make a different choice if symptom free, because of this an important legal rights concept regarding the free will of treatment refusal is based upon determination of competency (Figure 1.2), or the right to refuse treatment with consent. Competence is decision specific, so patients may be competent enough to make a treatment decision at one time and not the other, also a decision made about a precise consequence of treatment might be easy to consent too in relation to a decision made about a more complex consequence of treatment which could result in a set of different outcomes (Masten, A.S., Curtis, W.J., 2000). If an individual is overruled as being incompetent i.e. unable to appreciate and understand information given about treatment, then it is possible to force treatment upon a patient against his/her free will, however according to the self-determinism theory, forcing treatment upon patients makes them less likely to experience treatment success if externally exposed (Mary, 2008). In conclusion a balanced view upon the free wills vs. determinism debate in regards to treatments of disorders seems controversially one sided, a lot of the literature and research into the subject identify the reductionist determinism approach as acceptable in many forms of clinical psychiatry, whether this is in regards to forced treatment or altering the emotional state through deep brain stimulation. However the balance is much more positive in our modern day times then it were 60-70 years ago. This is mainly thanks to advances in neuroscience and our understanding we have gained about the brain through the mental health institutes, the ongoing debate has a number of misconceptions which require a precise understanding of the key concepts, but overall indicate that free will and determinism are both correct.

Loopholes in the Audit Procedure

If Gray had more knowledge regarding JAZZ Best, he would have realized that this was an evident situation where an independent specialist should have been used to perform the audit procedure. These problems hindered the gathering of several types of audit evidence. Because Larry Gray did not do an adequate Job getting to know Barry Mellow and JAZZ Best, he evidence gathered through â€Å"client inquiry† was not reliable. This type of evidence personnel to answer the auditor's questions. Because Gray did not do enough research, he did not reveal the fact that Minnow was fraudulent and dishonest.Client inquiry is rarely adequate as the only supporting piece of evidence for an audit objective and usually must be backed up by additional evidence. However, because Minnows and JAZZ Bests integrity were such a problem, basically every other piece of evidence gathered was untrustworthy. The evidence gathered through â€Å"confirmation† was greatly impacted as well. This evidenc e is obtained with questions asked by the auditor, either written or oral, to a third party and the answers are given directly to the auditor.However, this evidence was made useless because Assured Property Management Inc. And Interstate Appraisal Services directly affiliated with JAZZ Best for the sole purpose of generating fake restoration contracts. However, Gray did not do enough research to figure this out. Furthermore, evidence gathered through â€Å"physical examination of tangible assets† and â€Å"documentation or inspection of records and documents† were rendered useless because they were fraudulent and not independent of the provider.The management assertions relating to this evidence is existence/occurrence and rights and obligations. Rights and Obligations is how management asserts that the recorded and disclosed assets are the rights of the entity and the liabilities are the obligations of the entity at a given date. Existence/Occurrence is when managemen t asserts that the recorded assets or liabilities of the entity that are disclosed on the balance sheet exist at a given date and that the recorded transactions disclosed on he income statement have actually occurred during a given period.The fabricated occurrence of the restoration activity, and the rights and obligations to the building could have been uncovered if Gray had done more research on JAZZ Bests internal controls and Minnows integrity. The evidence obtained during their visit to the restoration site was unreliable due to independence of the provider, a factor of competent evidence. When information is obtained from someone independent of the company and transactions being investigated, the evidence is more reliable. Assured Property Management Inc. AndInterstate Appraisal Services were created by Minnow for the sole purpose of generating fake restoration contracts. However, Gray did not do enough research to figure this out. This influenced the tour of the restoration s ite in Sacramento, CA because they were not independent of the provider. Another problem that lacked independence of the provider was the evidence Gray obtained regarding documents. Because these three companies were directly associated to each other's fraudulent activity, none of the documents received were reliable. Evidently, independence of the provider is a crucial factor and this was lacking in this audit procedure.

Boy in Striped Pajamas

BOY IN THE STRIPED PYJAMAS – TOPIC 2 In the novel Boy in The Striped Pyjamas, prejudice and discrimination are shown to have many negative effects on many of the characters such as Bruno, Shumel, Father, Mother and Kotler. In my essay I will explore this idea in relation to the novel. Discrimination, (or in other words negatively putting someone down but not physical hurting or touching them in anyway) is taken place in Boy in The Striped Pyjamas by many different people such as Gretel, by following Kotler’s decisions Gretel is discriminating because she is supporting the Germans belief.Prejudice on the other hand, (is another word for negative physical contact such as kicking, hitting or even killing) in Boy in Striped Pyjamas this is shown by the Father, Hitler. Also Kotler beating up Pavel over he had miss poured the wine. One of the most obvious examples of discrimination in this novel is the concentration camp and the negative effect it has on the Jewish prisoners. The fence that is separating Bruno and Shumel is there for a reason because of race, religion and culture. Shumel is living in fear, depression and is slowly emaciated, not only does he feel sad and isolated it is how he has been treated.In the book the writer says that Bruno looks and Shumel and ‘He stares at the floor and looking as if he was trying to convince his soul not to live inside his tiny body anymore’ he sits there in the rough dirty ground. Pavel is the butler at Bruno’s house and is also a Jew, like Shumel. When Bruno hurts himself on the tire swing he comes across Pavel and learns a bit about him. That he was a doctor but then got taken into the concentration camp and got everything taken away from him his clothes, family and food. Bruno was surprised and puzzled.Later on when Kotler comes to Bruno’s house form dinner Kotler gets mad at a conversation they were having and his temper rises. Kotler ask’s Pavel for wine, he had become w eak and was trembling and limping a fair amount, Pavel he spills the wine all over Kotler and end up with Pavel in a serious condition. Despite the more powerful position of the Germans, the discrimination that takes place in the novel affects all the characters negatively. Mother is afraid of the concentration camp being too close to the house and is scared of the terrifying consequences it could, and did lead to.When Bruno and Shumel knew more about each other and realised that they weren’t meant to be friends but they looked further than that. Once Bruno and Shumel became greater friends Shumel asked Bruno a favour, to come over that side of the fence to find Shumel’s father. When Bruno accepts and goes ahead with it they get in trouble and get cramped in tightly by groups of 100’s and 100’s of adults they get sucked into the gas chamber and Bruno and Shumel die. The act of discrimination and prejudice ultimately led to the death of Bruno and Shumelâ⠂¬â„¢s life.Father, Hitler and Kotler were the three main prejudice leaders in this novel Father the commandant directing the soldiers to complete the ‘The Final Solution’ led to death for all Jews and sadly Bruno and Shumel as well. Father never felt the same way again he felt guilty that they had taken away so many lives, innocent lives and couldn’t even imagine how so many of them felt like that for most of their lives. Mother wasn’t happy about the decision in the first place and felt unsecure about the whole Out-with thing, she knew it would end up to something bad but did expect it like that.By the end of the novel Father was shocked, distressed and very heartbroken about Bruno’s death and realised that he hadn’t taken much notice of Bruno till then. When the soldiers took him away, because he wasn’t doing his job properly he didn’t care what they did or where going to do all he cared about was Bruno and his Family. Eventu ally they all moved back to Berlin after a few weeks, which was also not much different because of grandmother, but they couldn’t handle the pain in Out-with. But no matter where they are in the world, they will never forget about Bruno, ever. Boy in Striped Pajamas BOY IN THE STRIPED PYJAMAS – TOPIC 2 In the novel Boy in The Striped Pyjamas, prejudice and discrimination are shown to have many negative effects on many of the characters such as Bruno, Shumel, Father, Mother and Kotler. In my essay I will explore this idea in relation to the novel. Discrimination, (or in other words negatively putting someone down but not physical hurting or touching them in anyway) is taken place in Boy in The Striped Pyjamas by many different people such as Gretel, by following Kotler’s decisions Gretel is discriminating because she is supporting the Germans belief.Prejudice on the other hand, (is another word for negative physical contact such as kicking, hitting or even killing) in Boy in Striped Pyjamas this is shown by the Father, Hitler. Also Kotler beating up Pavel over he had miss poured the wine. One of the most obvious examples of discrimination in this novel is the concentration camp and the negative effect it has on the Jewish prisoners. The fence that is separating Bruno and Shumel is there for a reason because of race, religion and culture. Shumel is living in fear, depression and is slowly emaciated, not only does he feel sad and isolated it is how he has been treated.In the book the writer says that Bruno looks and Shumel and ‘He stares at the floor and looking as if he was trying to convince his soul not to live inside his tiny body anymore’ he sits there in the rough dirty ground. Pavel is the butler at Bruno’s house and is also a Jew, like Shumel. When Bruno hurts himself on the tire swing he comes across Pavel and learns a bit about him. That he was a doctor but then got taken into the concentration camp and got everything taken away from him his clothes, family and food. Bruno was surprised and puzzled.Later on when Kotler comes to Bruno’s house form dinner Kotler gets mad at a conversation they were having and his temper rises. Kotler ask’s Pavel for wine, he had become w eak and was trembling and limping a fair amount, Pavel he spills the wine all over Kotler and end up with Pavel in a serious condition. Despite the more powerful position of the Germans, the discrimination that takes place in the novel affects all the characters negatively. Mother is afraid of the concentration camp being too close to the house and is scared of the terrifying consequences it could, and did lead to.When Bruno and Shumel knew more about each other and realised that they weren’t meant to be friends but they looked further than that. Once Bruno and Shumel became greater friends Shumel asked Bruno a favour, to come over that side of the fence to find Shumel’s father. When Bruno accepts and goes ahead with it they get in trouble and get cramped in tightly by groups of 100’s and 100’s of adults they get sucked into the gas chamber and Bruno and Shumel die. The act of discrimination and prejudice ultimately led to the death of Bruno and Shumelâ⠂¬â„¢s life.Father, Hitler and Kotler were the three main prejudice leaders in this novel Father the commandant directing the soldiers to complete the ‘The Final Solution’ led to death for all Jews and sadly Bruno and Shumel as well. Father never felt the same way again he felt guilty that they had taken away so many lives, innocent lives and couldn’t even imagine how so many of them felt like that for most of their lives. Mother wasn’t happy about the decision in the first place and felt unsecure about the whole Out-with thing, she knew it would end up to something bad but did expect it like that.By the end of the novel Father was shocked, distressed and very heartbroken about Bruno’s death and realised that he hadn’t taken much notice of Bruno till then. When the soldiers took him away, because he wasn’t doing his job properly he didn’t care what they did or where going to do all he cared about was Bruno and his Family. Eventu ally they all moved back to Berlin after a few weeks, which was also not much different because of grandmother, but they couldn’t handle the pain in Out-with. But no matter where they are in the world, they will never forget about Bruno, ever.

Database normalization Essay Example

Database normalization Essay Example Database normalization Essay Database normalization Essay SMS allows users to store almost all of their schools information electronically, including information on students, employees, teaching methods etc. Most importantly, this information can be easily shared with authorized users, records can be easily searched, and reports can be easily generated. The School Management System (SMS) will replace the paper-based data collection and information exchange system among the various departments of a particular school. The School Management System provides an innovative solution for Todays school record-keeping challenges. School Management Software is a complete and customized solution for a school handling regular Management work. By going through the flow of application one can easily maintain its student detail, fees detail, Employee detail, Certificate details, exams and Transportation Detail. SMS has most of the facilities that a modern school requires to computerize its day-to-day jobs. It provides facilities to keep the records of student, fees, teaching and non-teaching staff with all their required details along with all required transaction handling. It has facilities to generate various types of reports. The school management software will give you opportunity to handle your responsibilities whether youre just starting or are an experienced professional. Background of the project: Nordic secondary school was built April ninny harasses city, the capital Of Somalia Nordic secondary school is located behind the gulags hotel and near the farmer colonial statehouse in the red sea area of harass access roads that lead to the entrance of the school are many but never toeless, two important roads come from both east and west of the school. Nordic secondary school consists of 13-classrooms, a library and two office-rooms and one room for the security guards. There is a can-teen for students a very large playground, ten separate toilets and two water tanks for the use of male and female students and staff members. To complement the structures, is a tall concrete, perimeter fence built around the whole complex. The large, steel entrance and exits gate is not meant to keep a way intruder but to create an appropriate environment that is conductive to learning/teaching atmosphere. The full capacity of the school is planned to provide learning space to 1100 students of both sexes, who are expected to undertake their secondary studies in two different shifts during the morning and afternoon. Graduates of Nordic Secondary School will be certified successful only when they pass the SEC (Somalia General Certificate of Education). Nordic School has the following admission rules: completion of grade 8 primary school and submission of testimonials from Somalia ministry Of education in regard. TO be accompanied by parents or responsible guardian, during registration and signing of necessary admission forms. Why we need School Management System? If you want to search a students record in 2 seconds, you need SMS. If you want to know which classroom is used by which class, you need SMS. If you want to know who is teaching whom, you need SMS. If you want to print students semester statement under a minute, you need SMS. If you want to print new semester information letter under a minute, you need SMS. If you want to view a class timetable in less than 5 seconds, you need SMS- If you want to know where your properties are and how much theyre worth, SMS. If you want to automatically send emails or short text messages to students parents if something happens, you need SMS And many more Problem statement: Nora din secondary school uses a manual system which can be difficult to manage schools information including information on students, employees, teaching methods etc. Storing documents and other information like reaching takes time that will reduce time consuming also it needs a lot of human activities and that will increase the employees of the school. Due to the increase of students recently, the administration of Nordic Secondary School faced a difficulty and disorganized work from registering students, student payments, staff registration, buss registration, following students exams, giving reports to the parents and students. This slowdown gives us the opportunity to realize the necessity of a new computerized system in order to reduce the errors, inefficient work, and irresistible work load from the employees and the school management. These problems that we mentioned above are the major problems that need to solve in any way that it can be solved we will try to solve part of them. Project Scope: This project will handle all the problems of the school in computerized system Student Management : Based on Students from Secondary level a) Student Personal Details b) Pass / Fail Entry Fee Management : Based on Day Wise and Fixed a) Fee Configuration b) Monthly Fees Collection Report Generation a) Reports about the students b) Reports about student like(student list by class wise , ,and same address etc) c) Report for the parents like ( student grades, exam results etc) d) Information can be easily shared with authorized users, records can be easily searched, and reports can be easily generated. ) Handling the admissions process f) Handling records of examinations, assessments, marks, grades and academic progression. We will try our best to present the information effectively. Goals and objectives of the project: This project is based on the RAIDS technology; the main objective of this project is to computerize the manual system reduce the time consumption. In othe r words we can say that our project has the following objectives:- Make the system computerize. Easy to get information like (registration, payment fees, exams, grade reports, and many other valuable information) Of a student. Reduce time consumption. Reduce error scope. All system managements are automated. Centralized database management. Easy operations for operator of the system. Storing documents and other information like searching is much easier. No paper work requirement. It will be easy to track expenses and verify every expense and where it comes from Validation rules can be used in order to ensure better verification. No need more stationary. All process can be done automatically as you enter data. You do not have to do the same task over and over again. There will be a centralized database which is suitable at the time Of decision making. We will try our best to present the information effectively. Resource requirement of the project: Hardware: Processor Processor Speed Hard Disk Space Ram Memory Operating System Windows Server MAD Semipro 533 MAZE 20 KGB (mm. ) 64 MBA software: Win 7/Vista/XP Database SSI Server 2005 Front end Visual Basic 2008 1 Literature Review: As we know there are so many project of school management system that solved the manual system into computerized system. Here are some of school management systems and what kinds of the problem are solved: 1: school management system software version 1. 2. 1: This software covers the major tasks of the school including information on students, employees, teaching methods etc; SMS allows users to store almost all of their schools information electronically. 2: school management system version 2. 4. 4: New reliable and fast school management software with the great customers support. Itll help you with your daily school management routines and deliver you from your paperwork. Standard Edition is free. 3: School Management System Version 3. This School Management System aimed to provide complete computerized operations in any school. Students can be managed, Attendance, Fees, Examination, Leaving modules. Staff records can be computerized Staff Salary > Leaving modules. Accounting module is integrated with all other modules to getting rid of transaction duplication. 4: E-school Management System: Is a com prehensive web-based School Management Software. It is designed for better interaction between students, teachers, parents management. This management software very gracefully handles all The requirements for easy school management. The software being web based can be accessed from any;OHare in the world, which enables the students, teachers, parents the management be in touch with each other at all times. 5: Online School Management system: This school software management system is available in a wide variety, in terms of size, capability and scope. These packages can meet the requirements of small institutions to huge universities very effectively. Even if a smaller system is purchased, it can be updated to a more efficient and modern version by purchasing add-on modules. Some of the most common functions performed by these awesome machines include- handling the recess of administration, effectively handling any student related inquiries, storing choices for different modes of teaching, enrolling new students, creating teacher and class schedules, providing statistical data, maintaining discipline records, keeping record of communication made with the students, recording examinations, assessing the marks, grading each student based on the marks, keeping track of academic progression, recording health status of students, communicating with the parents about the progress of their wards through a parent portal, providing individual education plan or any special education programmer, recording accounts, doing human resources and budgeting services, maintaining details of boarding house, and many more. This school management system software is different from all of this software which Can solve the internal and external of the school data and can easily re trievable any information including student details ,employee information ,teachers ,and all members of the school in other words we can say it is user friendly . System Analysis: System Analysis is the process of gathering and interpreting facts, diagnosing problems and using the job description to recommend improvements to the equines activities. The system analysis is performs this job. Analysis specifies what service should so. It is about understanding or to know the problem of the school, then we have to solving problems. Project methodology approach: The systems development life cycle (OSDL) is a conceptual model used in project management that describes the stages involved in an information system development project, from an initial feasibility study through maintenance of the completed application. The waterfall model which was the original OSDL method, the methodology that will be applied for implementing this system is waterfall method. We will use an interview to gather data and tools such as the data flow diagram and E-R diagrams to represent data flow of the system. Requirements Determination: We used an interview to know about the Nordic secondary school and how it works and the system of work that they use. Interview Questions: 1: What type of a system you use? 2: How work is done now in this manual system? 3: What are problem you faced with the existing system? 4: If your system is manual would you like to revolutionize computerized system? 5: What are the rules to follow for a joining the school? What is first step you take when new student transfer from another school? 7: How you record the student information? 8: What are the requirements of the new student? 9: How many books used to record the data of the school? 1 0: Is there any student does not pay a fee? The Eth os of Nordic School: Be fostering an environment conducive to a cadmic achievement on a God- Conscious basis, we aim for our students to: Be god loving and fearing. To achieve the highest academic standard integrated with strong morals values. Develop maintain report, obedience love towards his her parents, teachers elders. Condemn hypocrisy, revenge, tribalism, envy hatred of others. Attain work satisfaction through good morals avoiding materialistic pitfalls. Remain modest, truthful, forgiving form in good conduct. Be the master not the salve of ones desires. Be content in times of misfortune not be arrogant selfish during wealth. Obtain confidence understanding in the spiritual personal community aspects of development. Existing System Preliminary Analysis: manage schools information including information on students, teachers, etc. The Normal school Activities: Student registration: To register a student, the student should complete and attend the exam of 8 classes and come with a parent or responsible person. Student payment: Student must pay the fee be;en 1 _ 5 of every month otherwise student will be taken out from the class room and bus will not pick up the student, if the student have special payment arrangement student must see the school principle or the school (cashier) to reconfirm payment arrangement, Student pays the fee each month except the holiday and must take receipt. Employee salary: The employees take their salary from the responsible person. Registration book: When the student register a book there some way or instruction to follow up so that the student can take a book. General rules for Nordic School: 1 . Attend assembly and middy prayers promptly and participate appropriately. 2. Respect school property and property belonging to others. 3. Wear clean and tidy uniforms on all occasions. 4. Remain in the school grounds unless give permission by the principal. 5. Take pride in keeping your school clean. 6. Demonstrate proper adobe I. E. Politeness in every respect e. G: eating, dressing, speech, manner, behavior, etiquette. Problem with the current system: Searching different student record, employee details and other information are difficult and time consuming. The main problem faced by the employees is the difficulty to access the student record, employee details for various needs. For example if the parent needs to see the grade of a student he/she would have to go through all of exam record in that class one by one. This is a tedious (trouble) task employee feel De-motivated in repeating such tasks: Time-consuming: Nora din secondary school have many problems to get information like (registration, payment fees, exams, tests, grade reports, and many other liable information) of a student and other staff like teachers. Lack of immediate retrievals: The information is very difficult to retrieve and find particular information like:-To find out about the student record, the user has go through various registers, this results in inconvenience and wastage of time. Have to check many times: Data verification can become a strenuous task because data will have to be checked manually. Checking data manually can be very time consuming as well as boring so this adds to the fact that time is wasted and employees become De-motivated. To ensure that data is as accurate as possible the employees dealing with data verification has to go over their work over again this means that it causes repetition of work. Need of extra manual effort: Storing documents and other information like searching takes time that will reduce time consuming also it needs a lot of human activities and that will increase the employees of the school. Unnecessary costs are involved due to paper usage all tasks have to be done in paper so they are wasted unnecessarily due to the large scale repetition of work. If a mistake is made in any point of the existing manual system, all the work which was already done y hand has to be redone. This means that lager the amount of mistakes made larger the rate of the wastage of papers. Proposed System: The proposed system of Nora din Secondary School uses manual system and Provides detail general information about the employee details, The Administrator should report with the personal holding the necessary report required for the project the decision in making analysis about the students skills is a prime important before working in. It will be able to manage and control information about School in more user friendly way.

Free Essays on Hero

Loss of a Hero â€Å"Mandy, Grandpa is going to the hospital. He cannot stop shaking and has to have some tests taken,† my mom said when she called on Sunday January 26, 2003. It was really hard for my family to see the pain my grandpa was having and not knowing what was causing it and what was wrong. After hearing what had all gone wrong with my grandpa, our hearts were broken. On Wednesday, he had another MRI done and found out that he had a tumor on his back. They took him to radiology right away. That night, my mom and aunts were alone with him and said a prayer. â€Å"If Dad has to suffer, God please take him now because we do not want our dad to be in pain,† my family said with tears streaming down their faces. The next day, they found out it was prostate cancer from about five years ago, and the doctor said that it could be spreading throughout his whole body by now. They were going to try radiation to try to shrink his tumor on his spine hoping that it would hopefully make him walk again. A couple of weeks had passed, and so did the 18 sessions of radiology. With all of them being unsuccessful, my mom decided to go to his last one to see what was going to happen next. When my mom came home that day, she told me what was wrong with my grandpa. â€Å"He shouldn’t have to go through this pain. He is he happiest person there is,† I told my mom. The next couple of days passed and the same thing was happening. My grandpa was not Zellmann 2 talking or eating much. On the following Sunday, he talked more. â€Å"Does Terry still play baseball for the Young America Cardinals,†my grandpa asked my mom. â€Å"Not anymore,† replied my mom. â€Å"Then I don’t give a damn if they win or lose,† he said. Hearing my grandpa talk that day was wonderful. On Tuesday, my family found out that my grandpa was experiencing heart failure and pneumonia. When my mom found that out, she immediately called us. â€Å"Come to the h... Free Essays on Hero Free Essays on Hero Loss of a Hero â€Å"Mandy, Grandpa is going to the hospital. He cannot stop shaking and has to have some tests taken,† my mom said when she called on Sunday January 26, 2003. It was really hard for my family to see the pain my grandpa was having and not knowing what was causing it and what was wrong. After hearing what had all gone wrong with my grandpa, our hearts were broken. On Wednesday, he had another MRI done and found out that he had a tumor on his back. They took him to radiology right away. That night, my mom and aunts were alone with him and said a prayer. â€Å"If Dad has to suffer, God please take him now because we do not want our dad to be in pain,† my family said with tears streaming down their faces. The next day, they found out it was prostate cancer from about five years ago, and the doctor said that it could be spreading throughout his whole body by now. They were going to try radiation to try to shrink his tumor on his spine hoping that it would hopefully make him walk again. A couple of weeks had passed, and so did the 18 sessions of radiology. With all of them being unsuccessful, my mom decided to go to his last one to see what was going to happen next. When my mom came home that day, she told me what was wrong with my grandpa. â€Å"He shouldn’t have to go through this pain. He is he happiest person there is,† I told my mom. The next couple of days passed and the same thing was happening. My grandpa was not Zellmann 2 talking or eating much. On the following Sunday, he talked more. â€Å"Does Terry still play baseball for the Young America Cardinals,†my grandpa asked my mom. â€Å"Not anymore,† replied my mom. â€Å"Then I don’t give a damn if they win or lose,† he said. Hearing my grandpa talk that day was wonderful. On Tuesday, my family found out that my grandpa was experiencing heart failure and pneumonia. When my mom found that out, she immediately called us. â€Å"Come to the h... Free Essays on Hero A Hero Who is a hero? What are the qualities of a hero? Are there any heroes left? The word â€Å"hero† is not used today as it was many years ago. Years ago a hero was a warrior who fought his enemies to save lives. Today we know there are many types of heroes. A hero is anyone who changes the life of another in a positive way. The classic definition of a hero is a strong courageous man who fights evil to defend the lives of the innocent. Many times he would be a fiction hero. Superhuman strength would be the most important characteristic of a hero in one of these adventure stories. A hero also has to be fearless, caring, and famous. His enemies would include supernatural beings like a monster, a witch, or the infamous dragon. Not all heroes were fictitious. War generals like notorious Napoleon were considered heroes for their warfare. George Washington led the American Revolution to bring indepences to American. Firefighters risk their lives everyday to rescue civilians. The police force place their lives on the line everyday to make the world a safer place. Risking one’s life for someone else creates a hero. A person does not have to kill anyone, conquer a foreign land, or risk life to be a hero. Anyone who influences other people by saving or helping their life is a hero. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. changed the lives of millions of people by bringing justice to minorities. Parents can be heroes to their children by leading them in the right direction. Teachers are heroes when they make it their job to teach children what will help them in life. To become a hero people do not have to go to great lengths to risk their life for someone else. A hero is any person who changes the life of another person in a positive way. No one has to kill monsters, rescue people, or lead a war to become a hero. Neither superhuman power, recognition, nor fame required to be a hero. All heroes must have courage. ... Free Essays on Hero Francisco Goya, considered to be â€Å"the Father of Modern Art,† began his painting career just after the late Baroque period. In expressing his thoughts and feelings frankly, as he did, he became the pioneer of new artistic tendencies which were to come to fruition in the nineteenth century. Two trends dominated the art of his contradictory; they actually were not. Together they represented the reaction against previous conceptions of art and the desire for a new form of expression. In order to understand the scope of Goya’s art, and to appreciate the principles which governed his development and tremendous versatility, it is essential to realize that his work extended over a period of more than sixty years, for he continued to draw and paint until he was eighty two years old. The importance of this factor is evident between his attitude towards life in his youth, when he accepted the world as it was quite happily, in his manhood when he began to criticize it, and in his old age when he became embittered and disillusioned with people and society. Furthermore, the world changed completely during his lifetime. The society, in which he had achieved a great success disappeared during the Napoleonic war. Long before the end of the eighteenth century Goya had already turned towards his new ideals and expressed then in his graphic art and in his paintings. As an artist, Goya was temperament far removed from the classicals. In a few works he approached Classical style, but in the greater part of his work the Romantic triumphed. Born in Zaragoza, Spain, he found employment as a young teenager under the mediocre artist Jose’ Luzan, from whom he learned to draw and as was customary, copied the prints of several masters. At the age of seventeen he went to Madrid. Two painters who were working there, the last of the great Venetian painters-Tiepolo and the rather cold and efficient neo-classical painter- Antonio Raphael Mengs... Free Essays on Hero Hero can be defined in many different ways. The word â€Å"Hero† has been used a great deal in the news, sometimes rather loosely. The term is as diverse as the person utilizing it. Heroes come in all shapes and sizes and are different from one generation to another. Be it a cartoon character for a small child, a movie idol for teenagers, or action heroes of yester year to the elderly, there is always one common characteristic. These heroes have attained admiration from a specific action taken which others are unwilling or unable to do. A hero is defined by the Webster dictionary as a courageous, valorous man. There are many people that our society deems or defines as â€Å"Heroes.† I believe a hero is someone with the ability to do extraordinary actions in difficult situations, being able to risk his or her own life rather than sacrifice the lives of others. My heroes are the ordinary people that rise above their own limitations to accomplish significant actions that make a tremendous impact on the lives of others. I see firefighters, doctors, EMS, police officers, and teachers as these unsung heroes. I think they are heroes because these are the people who do such acts of heroism in a time of need fully aware of the severity of the situation. I think teachers can be described as heroes because they influence so many children every day, teaching right from wrong, and instilling values such as, â€Å"Do unto others as you would have done to you.† Some teachers also have the ability to show children how to help others; this they do from teaching by example. In conclusion, my opinion is simply that firefighters and police officers, as well as doctors, are most often taken for granted these days. People don’t realize how lucky we are to live in a society where there are such courageous people who have the ability to show true heroism when most needed.... Free Essays on Hero Hero When I think of a hero I immediately think of someone who is strong, intelligent, handsome, and daring. Upon closer examination, many different qualities than these become apparent. Courage, honesty, bravery, selflessness, and the will to try are just a few of the overlooked qualities of a hero. The definition of heroism changes with the context and time. Heroes of the past are not necessarily heroes of present time and vise versa. A person can be a hero for saving the life of one or of millions. Heroes are not only real people, but they are also fantasy figures. Children are extremely interested with legendary and fantasy figures because they take on such tasks as: difficult journeys, challenges with dragons, discovering lost treasure, and changing the nature of the world through their singular acts of courage and selflessness. They also endure much resistance, hardship, and danger. Often the hero learns valuable lessons about survival and self-reliance. Not only do heroes teach val uable lessons they give a child a sense of belonging. To a child, a hero is an invincible person who will change the world. There is another type of hero that almost no one is aware of. In the poorest areas of the country, live mostly minorities and other ethic background. All their lives they’ve been expected to work harder and expected not succeed in life. Some individuals living in poverty with a determination to succeed work hard all of their lives to become what everybody doubted they could. Escaping the crime, drugs, and prostitution is enough to escape hell, even if they don’t go to college. Despite of their financial problems, drug and crime surroundings, or difficulties in the language skills, their desire to triumph fuels their persistence. Those who make it to success are the few living examples of the purest form of hero anyone can be. They are not only their own heroes but also the heroes of the poor children who dream of becoming l... Free Essays on Hero The word hero is not used today as it was many years ago. A hero is anyone who changes anyone’s life in a positive way and accomplishes their goals. A long time ago a hero was a warrior who fought and killed his enemies to save many lives. Since September 11, the word hero has taken on a whole new meaning. Today we know there are many types of heroes. They put their lives on the line everyday to help and they have never killed anyone. The classic definition of a hero is a strong courageous man who fights evil to defend the lives of the innocent. Many times he would be a made up story hero. Superhuman strength would be the most important characteristic of what a hero would be given in one of these adventure stories. A hero also had to be fearless, caring, and famous. His enemies would include supernatural beings like a monster, a witch or the infamous dragon. Having made up heroes raised the spirits of many during their hard times. Not all heroes were made up. War generals like the notorious Napoleon were considered heroes for their heroic warfare. George Washington led the American Revolution to bring freedom to thousands of Americans. You also don’t have to kill anyone, conquer foreign land, or risk your life to be a hero. Anyone who influences anyone else by saving or helping save their lives is a hero. Even Mahatma Gandhi, one of the greatest heroes, led a nonviolent revolution to free his country. Even a parent can be a hero to his or her child by leading them in the right direction. All teachers are heroes when they make it their job to teach a child anything that will help them in life. You don’t have to go to great lengths by risking your life to make a difference in someone else’s life. There is another type of hero that almost no one is aware of. In the poorest areas of the country lives mostly minorities. All their lives they’ve been expected to work harder and expected not succeed in life. ...

Whistleblower Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Whistleblower - Assignment Example relevant educational qualification and professional skills that will enable him/her differentiate wrong doing from what is expected of everyone (Alford, 2001). Further, whistleblowers are often guided by their beliefs and attitude thus they cannot be compromised by anything or anyone to abduct their noble mission of revealing wrongdoing or misconduct in organization to the general public or authorities (Westman & Modesitt, 2004). A whistle blower should be uninterested in altering his/her behaviour this is due to the fact that on the pursuit of exposing influential people he/she may be enticed with goodies to desist from his/her mission. Thus, a whistleblower should be firm to his/her behaviour of raising a red flag whenever something wrong is done within the organization. Whistleblowers are utilitarian in nature in that their actions are selfless and seek to provide good for the greatest number of people. Their actions are not for individual benefit but rather are meant to reap benefits for the general public (Alford, 2001). Clifford Jagodozinsk, an ex-employee of Morgan Stanley Barney LLC, decided to conduct a thorough investigation into the business conduct of one of the highly rated broker for the company. That broker had been recently hired having worked for the Bank of America for close to thirty years. On completion of the investigation, Jagodozinsk found that that broker was involved in churning preferred securities. He had made hundred thousands of dollars as a result of those illegal activities despite his actions being of minimal or loss to his clients. On reporting internally the findings of his investigation Jagodozinsk was pressured to drop the case, but he decided to report the matter externally (Alford, 2001). In a span of three weeks Jagodozinsk reported several breaches of law within the organization including; improper trading, drug abuse and failure to register home offices as workstations. This lead to him being relieved his duties at the

Software Architectures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Software Architectures - Essay Example Logic tier is associated with the manipulation of the data in use by the application. It is commonly referred to as the implementation of "business logic", the "brains" of the application. Presentation tier is associated with the displaying of the manipulated data on the screen. (Scott Rosenthal, 2007) In the beginning, all three functional tiers were located at the central server, the Mainframe. Users could access this centralized computer by the means of dumb terminals. Applications in which the three tiers are located at the user's local system are known as Desktop applications. The commonly used Microsoft Office application is an example of desktop application. The 1980s saw the advent of the popular two-tier, client-server architecture. In this arrangement the application running in the client machine interacts with the server, most commonly, a database management system. The client contains the presentation logic and the business rules. Thus making changes to the business rules caused changing and redistributing the application. This gave rise to the implementation of the three-tier architecture which visualized the separation of the presentation logic and the business rules. (Scott Rosenthal, 2007) Adopting of any particular architecture for a software application is based on what that a... It depends on the number of users trying accessing the application. Two-tire client-server architectures work fine if the number of users is expected to be low, less than 100 and when non-real-time information processing is required. Today, however, the increasing complexity of client/server applications, the sophistication of technologies available and access to the internet all contribute to the high performance demand of the application. The trend today, therefore, is evidently towards more complex three-tier architectures. Examples Today, the IS (information systems) organizations prefer to buy certain applications such as those for accounting and human resources instead of developing them themselves. The vendors of packaged enterprise software, such as SAP, Oracle etc. that make these applications have implemented them on three-tier client/server architectures because to them the sophistication of available technologies required a three-tier architecture to provide adequate performance. (Gill, 1998) The advent of internet giving rise to millions of users requesting for information processing and companies adding back-end databases have given rise to the adoption of three-tier architecture or conversion from two-tier to three-tier architecture in application development in order to provide the increased scalability needed. Today, over the internet, real-time information processing is required everywhere. Be it sending/receiving important e-mails for business purposes, playing online games with people in different parts of the world or even browsing for information for school assignments. This demand for real-time information processing has obligated the web application developers to